{"id":2526,"date":"2017-01-11T12:00:30","date_gmt":"2017-01-11T11:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sglux.de\/?page_id=2526\/"},"modified":"2025-06-10T15:29:55","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T13:29:55","slug":"investigacion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sglux.de\/es\/investigacion\/","title":{"rendered":"Investigaci\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Un equipo de cient\u00edficos y t\u00e9cnicos en el campo del desarrollo semiconductores \u00f3pticos fundan en 2003 sglux GmbH. Este trabajo fue motivado y conducido por el deseo de cooperar estrechamente con los clientes e institutos de investigaci\u00f3n en el mercado de componentes de medici\u00f3n UV.
\nA continuaci\u00f3n se detallan los proyectos de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo en curso y finalizados. Aqu\u00ed<\/a> encontrar\u00e1 la lista de nuestras publicaciones.<\/p>\n

<\/span>PROYECTOS ACTUALES<\/div>
\n
<\/span>2023-2025 – Development of a SiC-Avalanche-Photodiode<\/div>
Partner: Fraunhofer IISB, Erlangen
\r\nperiod: 2023 – 2025
\r\nacknowledgements: FZK02P22K030

\r\n\r\nExtracto<\/em>
\r\nDevelopment of a SiC-Avalanche-Photodiode for flame and fire detection<\/strong>\r\nFraunhofer IISB and sglux GmbH have started working on the development of a manufacturing process for a SiC-based avalanche photodiode (APD) as part of the \u201cKMU-innovativ\u201d project. An APD amplifies the photocurrent through the avalanche effect and therefore has a significantly higher sensitivity than a conventional SiC photodiode. Applications are in the area of flame and fire detection.
\r\nSuccessful completion of the project would create an interesting alternative to the gas discharge tubes currently in use. Although these tubes are capable of reliably detecting very low levels of UV radiation, they have disadvantages that are not found in semiconductor-based UV detectors: The gas discharge tubes are relatively large, fragile, require a high operating voltage and have a short service life.
\r\nThe first prototypes of the novel SiC APD will be available in mid 2024.<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
<\/span>PROYECTOS FINALIZADOS<\/div>
\n
<\/span>2021-2024 – Development of an innovative electronic truffle detector<\/div>
Partner: Bundesanstalt fu\u0308r Materialforschung und -pru\u0308fung (BAM)
\r\nperiod: 2012 – 2024
\r\nacknowledgements: Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank, 925486

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nTruffles are regarded as delicacies all over the world. However, only few can afford. The price mainly is driven by the laborious harvesting method. Thoroughly trained sniffer dogs relatively ineffectively try to find the truffles in the ground. The present project aims to the development of an innovative electronic truffle detector and tries to offer an affordable and effective instrument for truffle harvesting. The scientific approach is to reliably detect the ultraviolet light emission of the seasoned truffle’s odor signature ((CH3)2S) while exposed to ozone. An inexpensive method of truffle harvesting would allow forest owners a more sustainable forest cultivation. Today the only means of income is the sales of wood. If additionally truffles could be easily harvested and sold, this would allow a more eco friendly cultivation of the threes, not only focussing on fast growing and well selling wood.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2016-2021 – Investigation of UV-Aging behavior of components used in the production of UV-LEDs and UV-Sensors.<\/div>
Partner: sglux GmbH
\r\nResearch project within the 20zwanzig initiative \u00abAdvanced UV for life\u00bb
\r\nperiod: 2016 – 2021
\r\nacknowledgements: BMBF 03ZZ0123

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nWithin the UV-Aging project experimental setups and scientific method are developed to allow a reliable estimation of the degradation behavior of LED and photodiodes as well as components used in these products (glass, diffusors, reflectors, glues, etc.). In the beginning a UV-Aging chamber will be constructed which allows the control of UV light (UV-A, B & C), temperature (up to 170\u00b0C) and humidity (95% r.h.).<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2014-2019 – Creation of novel industry-oriented calibration services for radiometric measures at high irradiance levels<\/div>
Partner: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) und sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2014 – 2019

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nMeasurement and calibration facilities and calibration methods for high UV irradiation will be established within this project. These methods will accord to the calibration procedures of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and will allow sglux to offer novel industry-based calibration services. Hereby the project is focussing on the UV curing industry. Based on results of a corporate BMWi ZIM project, reference radiometers and standard sources with high UV irradiation will be optimized for this application field.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2016-2019 – Development of optics, electronics and software for miniaturized UV spectrometer and camera modules<\/div>
Partner: Leibniz Ferdinand Braun Institut f\u00fcr H\u00f6chstfrequenztechnik (FBH), Leibniz Institut f\u00fcr Kristallz\u00fcchtung (IKZ), sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2016 – 2019
\r\nacknowledgements: BMBF 03ZZ0119A
\r\n
\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nThis project aims at the development of optics, electronics and software for miniaturized SiC UV spectrometers and camera modules. sglux as the first company worldwide is working on a new product family of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based UV spectrometers (up to 1024 pixel resolution). The advantage of such UV spectrometers results from the extreme radiation hardness and very high visible blindness of SiC compared with Silicon (Si) based UV spectrometers leading to negligible degradation and zero stray light effects caused by visible light. This new spectrometer technology allows precise UV spectrometry also at presence of strong visible light such as UV measurements in the bright sun (e.g. UV Index spectroscopy) or under room light. Another advantage of the SiC UV spectrometer results from the high radiation hardness and low dark current of this material. These features lead to a broader dynamic range of the spectrometer compared with conventional Si based spectrometers. Spectrometers with a 128 pixel resolution are available for evaluation purpose.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2017-2018 – A comparison of measurement uncertainty of solar UV-Index values obtained by spectroradiometers and radiometers<\/div>
Partner: Universi\u00e4t Freiberg und sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2017 – 2018

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nThe UV-Index according to ISO 17166 is a measure of the risk of sunburn (erythema solare) at a given solar irradiance. Governmental meteorological institutes measure the UV-Index with spectroradiometers. Due to high investment and maintenance costs of these spectroradiometers, the use of small, rugged and low maintenance UV-Index-Radiometers should be a matter of evaluation, in particular when meteorological networks are planned to be extended.\r\nTo evaluate the performance these UV-Index-Radiometers, basically the measurement uncertainty needs to be investigated and compared with the measurement uncertainty obtained by spectroradiometers. Egli et al.\u00b9 report the typical UV-Index-spectrometer measurement uncertainty with \u00b1 5 %. To investigate the measurement uncertainty of UV- Index-Radiometers, a bundle of 2073 different sun spectra with a range from UVI 0.5 until UVI 13.5 was used. They were traceably obtained at different places at the earth where the solar situation was influenced by latitude, altitude, season and daytime. Using the formula reported by ISO 17166 the UV-Index was calculated for each of the different sun spectra. Subsequently spectral responsivity curve of seven different UV-Index-Radiometers (manufactured by sglux GmbH) was integrated with the 2073 different sun spectra (according to ISO 17166) and in total 14,511 different UV-Indices were calculated. The differences of spectral responsivity of the seven candidates result from inevitable production tolerances of the UV-Index-Radiometers. These 14,511 different UV-Indices obtained by the UV-Index- Radiometer were compared with the related UV-Indices calculated by the formula stated in ISO 17166.\r\nAs a result we could demonstrate that the spectral responsivity variance of the seven different UV-Index-Radiometers did not result a measurable influence on the measurement uncertainty. However, we saw an influence caused by the different sun spectra. In particular at extremely low UV-Indices of below 0.5 the measurement uncertainty increased. We saw that this measurement uncertainty follows a definable rule which allowed us to develop a gain matrix programmable into the radiometer\u2019s firmware. After applying of this matrix the measurement uncertainty could be reduced down to \u00b1 5 %, also for extremely low UV-Index values.\r\nAccordingly, the study shows that the measurement uncertainty of the sglux UV-Index- radiometers is at the same level as reported from UV-Index-spectroradiometers. This result encourages to expand the investigation into the area of the UV-Index-Radiometers field of view (FOV). The ISO 17166 standard claims a FOV close to the cosine curve. If this FOV investigation would also result good results compared with UV-Index-Spectrometers one may regard the UV-Index-Radiometers as a reliable completion or even substitution of the spectroradiometers. This would create new opportunities to measure the UV-Index in regions where skilled personnel needed to maintain the spectroradiometers is not available.<\/p>
\r\n\u00b9Egli et al. Quality assessment of solar UV irradiance measured with array spectroradiometers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 1553\u20131567, 2016<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2015 – Development of traceable calibration chains for mobile UV reference radiometers<\/div>
Partner: sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2015
\r\nacknowledgements: BMBF 03ZZ0109

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nBefore starting this project no laboratory worldwide performed traceable calibration chains for mobile UV reference radiometers. Our work aimed at a scientific evaluation and completion of UV calibration chains realizing a PTB traceability. This goal was reached by systematic evaluation, improvement and completion of an existing measurement method. As a result we now present as the first laboratory worldwide a traceable calibration chain in the ultraviolet region. This new method will be applied by the members of the \u201cadvanced UV for life\u201d project where the method serves to determine properties of the new products planned (mainly UV LED) by means of a traceable measurement. Furthermore, this new method will by applied by sglux to determine the properties of own products and products of third parties by means of calibration service.\r\n<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2011-2013 – Development and Production of a SiC based spectrometer array<\/div>
Partner: sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2011-2013
\r\nacknowledgements: BMWi ZIM EP 102409

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nA 128 pixel SiC UV spectrometer with a wavelength resolution of 2.3nm\/pixel was development. The advantage of such kind of UV spectrometers result from the extreme radiation hardness and very high visible blindness of SiC compared with Si based UV spectrometers leading to zero stray light effects caused by visible light. This new spectrometer technology allows precise UV spectrometry in the presence of strong visible light such as UV measurements in the bright sun or under room light. Another advantage of the SiC based UV spectrometer results from the high radiation hardness and low dark current of this material. This features lead to a broader dynamic range of the spectrometer compared with conventional Si based spectrometers.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2010-2012 – Development and setting up of a calibration facility for UV sensors at high irradiation rates<\/div>
Partner: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) und sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2010 \u2013 2012
\r\nacknowledgements: BMWi ZIM 2194602RR9

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nProcesses like UV water purification or UV hardening require high intensity UV radiation where a traceable calibration did not exist. German sglux GmbH together with PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, German national metrology institute) developed the world’s first traceable calibration standard for high irradiation level, in particular for UV water purification sensor calibration

\r\n\r\nVer\u00f6ffentlichungen<\/em>
\r\nB. Barton\u00b9, P. Sperfeld\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00abDeveloping and setting up a calibration facility for UV sensors at high irradiance rates\u00bb
\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)

\r\n\r\nP. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00abTraceable spectral irradiance measurements at UV water disinfection facilities\u00bb
\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)

\r\n\r\nG. Hopfenmueller\u00b9, T. Weiss\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b2, P. Sperfeld\u00b2, S. Nowy\u00b2, S. Pape\u00b2, D. Friedrich\u00b2, S. Winter\u00b2, A. Towara\u00b2, A. Hoepe\u00b2, S. Teichert\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany
\r\n\u00abPTB traceable calibrated reference UV radiometer for measurements at high irradiance medium pressure mercury discharge lamps\u00bb
\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)

\r\n\r\nP. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, J. Eggers\u00b2, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b3,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), Germany, \u00b2DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany, \u00b3sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00abSpectral irradiance measurement and actinic radiometer calibration for UV water disinfection\u00bb
\r\nMetrologia, issue 51 (2014), S. 282-288.

\r\n\r\nP. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, J. Eggers\u00b2, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b3,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), Germany, \u00b2DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany, \u00b3sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00abSpectral Irradiance Measurement and Actinic Radiometer Calibration for UV Water Disinfection\u00bb
\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD 2014, edited by S. Park, P. Kaerhae and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland 2014) p. 128.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2011 – Characterisation of new optical diffusers used in high irradiance UV radiometers<\/div>
Partner: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) und sglux GmbH\r\nperiod: 2011
\r\nacknowledgements: BMWi ZIM 2194602RR9

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nA detailed study of different properties of UV diffusers was performed. Diffusers are essential components of UV radiometers used as transfer standards. They improve the insensitivity to differing radiation situations.

\r\n\r\nPublications<\/em>
\r\nBarton\u00b9, B., Sperfeld\u00b9, P., Nowy\u00b9, S., Towara\u00b9, A., Hoepe\u00b9, A., Teichert\u00b9, S., Hopfenmueller\u00b2, G., Baer\u00b3, M. and Kreuzberger\u00b3, T.
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b3SGIL Silicaglas GmbH, Langewiesen, Germany

\r\n\r\n\u00abCharacterisation of new optical diffusers used in high irradiance UV radiometers\u00bb
\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD2011, edited by S. Park and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2011) p. 278.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2011 – Characterisation of SiC photodiodes for high irradiance UV radiometers<\/div>
Partner: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) und sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2011
\r\nacknowledgements: BMWi ZIM 2194602RR9

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nFor monitoring high UV irradiance, silicon carbide (SiC) based photodiodes are used. This project characterized novel SiC UV photodiodes in terms of their spectral and integral responsivity. Special attention was paid to the aging behavior of the photodiodes due to high UV irradiance. Artificial aging of the samples were performed by illumination with a high power medium pressure mercury discharge lamp. After burn in no degradation could be measured.

\r\n\r\nPublications<\/em>
\r\nS. Nowy\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, P. Sperfeld\u00b9, D. Friedrich\u00b9, S. Winter\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2, T. Weiss\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\n\u00abCharacterisation of SiC photodiodes for high irradiance UV radiometers\u00bb
\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD2011, edited by S. Park and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2011) p. 203.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2008-2010 – Development of a SiC photodiode wafer production process<\/div>
Partner: Leibniz Ferdinand Braun Institut f\u00fcr H\u00f6chstfrequenztechnik (FBH), Leibniz Institut f\u00fcr Kristallz\u00fcchtung (IKZ), sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2008- 2010
\r\nacknowledgements: BMWi ZIM 2194601DB9

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nHighly efficient polytype 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) p\u2013n diodes for ultraviolet (UV) light detection have been fabricated, characterized, and exposed to high-intensity mercury lamp irradiation (up to 17 mW\/cm\u00b2). The behavior of the photocurrent response under UV light irradiation using a low-pressure mercury UV-C lamp (4 mW\/cm\u00b2) and a medium-pressure mercury discharge lamp (17 mW\/cm\u00b2) has been studied. Long-term UV photoaging tests had been performed for up to 22 months. Results demonstrate the robustness of SiC photodiodes against UV radiation. The devices under test showed an initial burn-in effect, i.e., the photocurrent response dropped by less than 5% within the first 40 h of artificial UV aging. Such burn-in effect under UV stress was also observed for previously available polytype 6H silicon carbide (6H\u2013SiC) p\u2013n photodetectors. After burn-in, no measurable degradation has been detected, which makes the devices excellent candidates for high irradiance UV detector applications.

\r\n\r\nPublications<\/em>
\r\nD. Prasai\u00b9, W. John\u00b9, L. Weixelbaum\u00b9, O. Krueger\u00b9, G. Wagner\u00b2, P. Sperfeld\u00b3, S. Nowy\u00b3, D. Friedrich\u00b3, S. Winter\u00b3 and T. Weiss\u2074,
\r\n\u00b9Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut fuer Hoechstfrequenztechnik, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2Leibniz-Institut fuer Kristallzuechtung, Berlin, Germany, \u00b3Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u2074sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\n\u00abHighly reliable Silicon Carbide photodiodes for visible-blind ultraviolet detector applications\u00bb\r\nJ. Mater. Res., first view (2012).<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2008-2009 – Electronic and photoelectrical properties of semiconducting titanium dioxide layers<\/div>
Partner: Technische Hochschule Wildau, sglux GmbH
\r\nperiod: 2008-2009
\r\nacknowledgements: BMBF 13N9586

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nElectronic and photoelectrical properties of semiconducting titanium dioxide layers had been investigated and improved.

\r\n\r\nPublication<\/em>
\r\nC. Nitschke
\r\n\u00abElectronic and photoelectrical properties of semiconducting titanium dioxide layers\u00bb
\r\nBeuth Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik, Master Thesis, 2009<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n
<\/span>PUBLICACIONES Y ESTUDIOS<\/div>
\n
<\/span>2025 – High speed measurement with UV photodiodes – approaches and limits<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n
\r\nHigh speed measurement with UV photodiodes – approaches and limits<\/a><\/strong>
\r\n
\r\n

Resumen<\/em>
\r\nUsually, the measurement of ultraviolet light is a \u201csteady source\u201d measurement which means that the signal to be measured does not rapidly change in irradiance over time. However, sometimes fast changes of the light intensity need to be measured. This report explains the approaches and limits. \r\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2025 – Flame monitoring in industrial burners with semiconductor-based UV sensors focusing on hydrogen-flame<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\nYuyu Kimura, IR System Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
\r\n
\r\nThis article was first published in the Japanese Journal of Industrial Heating 2025, vol. 62, no. 3, Edition May\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

\r\nFlame monitoring in industrial burners with semiconductor-based UV sensors focusing on hydrogen-flame<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Resumen<\/em>\r\n
\r\nUsing semiconductor based sensors for flame detection, such as presented with this article can be regarded as a fascinating approach not just with regards on costs and safety. Additionally, looking at environmental and sustainability aspects using semiconductor sensors instead of discharge tubes is a useful tool towards durability and longevity. The possibility of working with two different sensor chips for two different kind of irradiadion (UV and IR) in one small size sensor housing opens up a multitude of new and interesting application possibilities.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2024 – Measuring UV radiation without filters \u2013 silicon carbide (SiC) photodiodes make it possible<\/div>
Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nSensor Magazin 2\/2024 (c) Magazin Verlag<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nFor more than 20 years, the Berlin-based company sglux GmbH has been producing photodiodes and sensors for measuring UV radiation, as used in many areas of industrial production, medical technology, combustion control and for monitoring UV disinfection processes. The precise detection of the ultraviolet irradiance is of great importance for a controlled and efficient functioning. sglux solves these tasks with SiC-based photodiodes, since 2009 from in-house semiconductor production. SiC photodiodes have an advantage in the detection of UV radiation due to their high band gap of 3.26 eV, as they are insensitive to visible and near-infrared radiation. In addition, SiC photodiodes have very low dark currents, so that even the smallest amounts of radiation can be detected. In the measurement of strong UV radiation, SiC scores with its high resistance to degradation.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2024 Digital UV Sensors – The Smartphone becomes a Radiometer<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\n\r\nSensor Magazin 4\/2024 (c) Magazin Verlag<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nUV radiation is used in many areas of industrial production, in medical devices and for disinfection. Precise measurement of irradiance is important for the controlled and efficient use of UV radiation. The UV measuring devices used for these applications must be able to measure the UV irradiance reliably, reproducibly and traceably over 13 orders of magnitude, from a few pW\/cm2 up to 10 W\/cm2. This is where digital measuring probes show their strengths.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2024 – Digital UV Sensors simplify measurement and control<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss\u00b9, Fred Perry\u00b2
\r\n\u00b9sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00b2Boston Electronics Corporation, Brookline, USA
\r\n
\r\nJournal Contribution to the IUVA UV Solutions Magazine (c) IUVA<\/a><\/strong><\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2023 – Towards Sic-Based VUV Pin-Photodiodes – Investigations on 4H-SiC Photodiodes with Shallow Implanted Al Emitters<\/div>
Michael Schraml\u00b9, Alexander May\u00b9, Dr. Tobias Erlbacher\u00b9, Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou\u00b2, Dr. Tilman Weiss\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Fraunhofer IISB, Erlangen, Germany
\r\n\u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nTowards SiC-Based VUV Pin-Photodiodes – Investigations on 4H-SiC Photodiodes with Shallow Implanted Al Emitters<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Zusammenfassung<\/em>
\r\n4H silicon carbide (SiC) based pin photodiodes with a sensitivity in the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum (VUV) demand newly developed emitter doping profiles. This work features the first ever reported 4H-SiC pin photodiodes with an implanted p-emitter and a noticeable sensitivity at a wavelength of 200 nm. As a first step, Aluminum doping profiles produced by low energy ion implantation in 4H-SiC were characterized by secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Photodiodes using these shallow emitters are compared to one with a deep p-emitter doping profile employing IV characteristics and the spectral response. SIMS results demonstrate the possibility of shallow Alimplantation profiles using low implantation energies with all emitter profiles featuring characteristic I-V results. For some shallow doping profiles, a meassurable signal at the upper limit of the VUV spectrum could be demonstrated, paving the way towards 4H-SiC pin photodiodes with sensitivities for wavelengths below 200 nm.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2023 – 4H-SiC PIN Photodiode for VUV Detection Using an Enhanced Emitter Doping Design<\/div>
M. Schraml\u00b9, N. Papathanasiou\u00b2, A. May\u00b9, M. Rommel\u00b9, T. Erlbacher\u00b3
\r\n\u00b9Fraunhofer IISB, Erlangen, Germany
\r\n\u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00b3Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany

\r\n\r\n2023 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC) 12. – 16.11.2023

\r\n4H-SiC PIN Photodiode for VUV Detection Using an Enhanced Emitter Doping Desig<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThe fabrication of a novel Vacuum UV (VUV) sensitive 4H-SiC pin photodiode is presented. Aluminum ion implantation was used to fabricate a patterned emitter structure with p – and p + regions resulting in the highest reported VUV sensitivity for a SiC pin photodiode.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2023 – Approaches of LED in-line measurements and its traceable calibration<\/div>
Gabriel Hopfenm\u00fcller, Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nInterAqua Japan 01. – 03.02.2023
\r\nApproaches of LED in-line measurements and its traceable calibration<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nUV measurement at UV LED arrays.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2022 – Marker Substances in the Aroma of Truffles<\/div>
Ruben Epping\u00b9, Lilly Bliesener\u00b9, Dr. Tilman Weiss\u00b2, Matthias Koch\u00b9, *
\r\n\u00b9Division of Organic Trace Analysis and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung und -Pr\u00fcfung, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n*Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

\r\n\r\nMarker Substances in the Aroma of Truffles<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThe aim of this study was to identify specific truffle marker substances within the truffle aroma. The aroma profile of different truffle species was analyzed using static headspace sampling with gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (SHS\/GC-MS). Possible marker substances were identified, taking the additional literature into account. The selected marker substances were tested in an experiment with 19 truffle dogs. The hypothesis \u201cIf trained truffle dogs recognize the substances as supposed truffles in the context of an experiment, they can be regarded as specific\u201d was made. As it would be nearly impossible to investigate every other possible emitter of the same compounds to determine their specificity, this hypothesis was a reasonable approximation. We were interested in the question of what it is the dogs actually search for on a chemical level and whether we can link their ability to find truffles to one or more specific marker substances. The results of the dog experiment are not as unambiguous as could have been expected based on the SHS\/GC-MS measurements. Presumably, the truffle aroma is mainly characterized and perceived by dogs by dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. However, as dogs are living beings and not analytical instruments, it seems unavoidable that one must live with some degree of uncertainty regarding these results.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2022 – How to determine the right UV sensor for flame detection?<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nHow to determine the right UV sensor for flame detection?<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThe present article informs about different approaches using UV photodetectors for the detection of a combustion flame (natural gas, hydrogen or oil).<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2021 – TOCONs with reduced dead times used for the detection of fire and combustion burner flames<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nTOCONs for the detection of fire and combustion burner flames<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThe standard sglux TOCONs are featured by a relatively high time constant that extends from 30 ms (low sensitivity TOCONs) until 80 ms (high sensitivity TOCONs). Most of the TOCON applications benefit from this high time constant because usually the TOCON\u2019s application is to measure a UV irradiation that slowly changes. Such applications are e.g. the control of UV disinfection and UV curing sources. Short changes of signal caused by electromagnetic or high frequency influences are averaged \u2013 which is a benefit. However, looking at flame detection in heaters or looking at fire detection applications this relatively high time constant may cause problems. The present report presents opportunities to reduce the dead time of the TOCONs.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2021 – Sensing ultraviolet light emission from hydrogen flames: Flame detection and flame monitoring in CO2 emission free domestic boilers<\/div>
Bielefeld, S.E., TU Delft Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science
\r\n\r\n\r\nMaster Thesis<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nAs a contribution to the decarbonisation of domestic heating, the graduation project investigates the feasibility of the application of UV sensor technology for flame detection and flame monitoring in hydrogen-powered domestic gas boilers. The research includes empirical studies and an analytical approach to describe influences on the sensor signal strength.\r\n<\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2021 – How two sglux photodiodes contribute to the NASA 2021 Perseverance mission<\/div>
Luther W. Beegle et al.
\r\nSpace Sci Rev (2021) 217:58

\r\n\r\nPerseverance\u2019s Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Investigation<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThe Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is a robotic arm-mounted instrument on NASA\u2019s Perseverance rover. SHERLOC has two primary boresights. The Spectroscopy boresight generates spatially resolved chemical maps using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy coupled to microscopic images (10.1 \u03bcm\/pixel). The second boresight is a Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering (WATSON); a copy of the Mars Science Labora- tory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) that obtains color images from microscopic scales (\u223c13 \u03bcm\/pixel) to infinity. SHERLOC Spectroscopy focuses a 40 \u03bcs pulsed deep UV neon-copper laser (248.6 nm), to a \u223c100 \u03bcm spot on a target at a working distance of \u223c48 mm. Fluorescence emissions from organics, and Raman scattered photons from organics and minerals, are spectrally resolved with a single diffractive grating spectrograph with a spectral range of 250 to \u223c370 nm. Because the fluorescence and Raman regions are natu- rally separated with deep UV excitation (<250 nm), the Raman region \u223c 800 \u2013 4000 cm\u22121 (250 to 273 nm) and the fluorescence region (274 to \u223c370 nm) are acquired simultaneously without time gating or additional mechanisms. SHERLOC science begins by using an Aut- ofocus Context Imager (ACI) to obtain target focus and acquire 10.1 \u03bcm\/pixel greyscale images. Chemical maps of organic and mineral signatures are acquired by the orchestration of an internal scanning mirror that moves the focused laser spot across discrete points on the target surface where spectra are captured on the spectrometer detector. ACI images and chemical maps (< 100 \u03bcm\/mapping pixel) will enable the first Mars in situ view of the spa- tial distribution and interaction between organics, minerals, and chemicals important to the assessment of potential biogenicity (containing CHNOPS). Single robotic arm placement chemical maps can cover areas up to 7×7 mm in area and, with the < 10 min acquisition time per map, larger mosaics are possible with arm movements. This microscopic view of the organic geochemistry of a target at the Perseverance field site, when combined with the other instruments, such as Mastcam-Z, PIXL, and SuperCam, will enable unprecedented analysis of geological materials for both scientific research and determination of which sam- ples to collect and cache for Mars sample return.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2020 – Inter-Comparison Campaign of Solar UVR Instruments under Clear Sky Conditions at Reunion Island (21\u00b0S, 55\u00b0E)<\/div>
Jean-Maurice Cadet\u00b9, Thierry Portafaix\u00b9, Hassan Bencherif\u00b9\u00b2, K\u00e9vin Lamy\u00b9, Colette Brogniez\u00b3, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Auriol\u00b3, Jean-Marc Metzger\u2074, Louis-Etienne Boudreault\u2075, Caradee Yael Wright\u2076\u2077
\r\n\u00b9LACy, Laboratoire de l\u2019Atmosph\u00e8re et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France), 97744 Saint-Denis de La R\u00e9union, France.
\r\n\u00b2School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.\r\n\u00b3Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, Universit\u00e9 Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, F-59000 Lille, France.\r\n\u2074Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de la R\u00e9union, UMS 3365, 97744 Saint-Denis de la R\u00e9union, France.
\r\n\u2075Reuniwatt, 97490 Sainte Clotilde de la r\u00e9union, France.
\r\n\u2076Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
\r\n\u2077Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

\r\n\r\nInt J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 21;17(8):2867. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17082867<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nMeasurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is important for the assessment of potential beneficial and adverse impacts on the biosphere, plants, animals, and humans. Excess solar UVR exposure in humans is associated with skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Several factors influence solar UVR at the Earth’s surface, such as latitude and cloud cover. Given the potential risks from solar UVR there is a need to measure solar UVR at different locations using effective instrumentation. Various instruments are available to measure solar UVR, but some are expensive and others are not portable, both restrictive variables for exposure assessments. Here, we compared solar UVR sensors commercialized at low or moderate cost to assess their performance and quality of measurements against a high-grade Bentham spectrometer. The inter-comparison campaign took place between March 2018 and February 2019 at Saint-Denis, La R\u00e9union. Instruments evaluated included a Kipp&Zonen UVS-E-T radiometer, a Solar Light UV-Biometer, a SGLux UV-Cosine radiometer, and a Davis radiometer. Cloud fraction was considered using a SkyCamVision all-sky camera and the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible radiative transfer model was used to model clear-sky conditions. Overall, there was good reliability between the instruments over time, except for the Davis radiometer, which showed dependence on solar zenith angle. The Solar Light UV-Biometer and the Kipp&Zonen radiometer gave satisfactory results, while the low-cost SGLux radiometer performed better in clear sky conditions. Future studies should investigate temporal drift and stability over time.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2020 – UV sensors for hydrogen flame detection<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nUV sensors for hydrogen flame detection<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\n

\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nPursuing the goal of decarburization of the energy use, the substition of petroleum gas by hydrogen gas produced with renewable energy is a very promising approach.

\r\n\r\nThis requires a certain modification of the heaters. A major change will be the modification of the EN298 compliant flame sensing feature. Currently, sensing petroleum gas flames, electric ionization sensors are used \u2013 a rugged, reliable and inexpensive method. However, if hydrogen gas is added to the petroleum gas or if the gas entirely consists of hydrogen these ionization sensors can not be further applied. The reason is a changed reaction kinetics where the ionization effect can not be detected by these conventional sensors. This challenge can be mastered by use of opto-electronic UV sensors. These sensors reliably detect all kind of flames while \u201cseeing\u201d their characteristic emission spectrum in the ultraviolet light range. As UV sensors are more expensive than ionization detectors currently the UV sensors are only applied in highly priced industrial burners but not in household burners. However, according the current state of the knowledge, no other method than opto-electronic UV sensors are able to reliably detect a hydrogen flame.

\r\n\r\nSince 2006 we produce the TOCONs ABC1 and ABC2 for the EN298 compliant detection of petroleum gas flames in household burners. Our new TOCON_F series is designed for the detection of hydrogen flames.

\r\n\r\nThe difference of the new TOCON_F to the standard ABC1 and ABC2 TOCONs is a reduced off dead-time. This off dead-time occurs with the standard TOCONs when they are saturated and can extend to several 100 milliseconds. The TOCON_F with its logarithmic amplifier shrinks this dead-time to less than 70 milliseconds. Accordingly the reaction time after the flame\u2019s (unwanted) distinction could be strongly increased. Even if the standard TOCONs ABC1 and ABC2 are fast enough (compliant with EN298) to be applied in flame sensing modules (EN298 claims a reaction time of less than 1000 milliseconds) \u2013 the requirements of the EN298 standard could be tightened in the future. The reason of this assumption is the significantly higher rate of spread and ignition range of a hydrogen flame compared with a petroleum gas flame. Hence a UV sensor module that works with a TOCON_F offers shorter reaction times than currently required by the standard. This makes these flame sensing modules future-proof in case of a possible revision of the standard.<\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2020 – Temperature Coefficient of SiC UV Photodiodes<\/div>
Stefan Langer, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nSiC Temperature Coefficient<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nThis report assigns the temperature coefficient (TC) of sglux SiC-photodiodes in relation to the incident wavelength. It demonstrates that the temperature coefficient is slightly negative for incident wavelengths below 270nm. At appox. 270nm is it almost zero and then strongly rises towards positive values with increasing wavelengths. The report further explains the physical background of this phenomena.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2020 – Where SiC can replace discontinued GaP?<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nTechnical Report \u00abWhere SiC can replace discontinued GaP?\u00bb<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nFor measurement applications with a peak radiation between 210 nm and 346 nm (e.g. UV sterilization lamp or combustion flame control) a SiC UV photodiode can replace a GaP photodiode without restrictions \u2013 it will even output a higher photocurrent. A SiC device irradiated with a peak radiation from 346 to 380 nm will output a lower photocurrent compared with GaP (at same active area). However, if the radiation intensity is high, e.g. curing applications at 365 nm the SiC\u2019s current output will remain at a usable level.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2020 – UV sensors to control UVC surface disinfection<\/div>
Dr. Tilman Weiss, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nUV sensors to control UVC surface disinfection<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nBesides chemical treatment, UVC sterilization is applied to disinfect air and tools in hospitals, doctor\u2019s offices, pharmacies as well as food and pharmaceutical production facilities and public washrooms. These applications require measurements of the UV radiation either at its place of generation or at the position of the goods to be disinfected. This procedure is crucial to ensure that a sufficient germ killing UV dose hits the goods. The report presents further details and suitable sensor and radiometer products.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2019 – 350\u00b0C high temperature stable SiC photodiodes available<\/div>
Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\nTech Report 350\u00b0C<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nsglux announces that a new high temperature stable SiC UV Photodiode is now available. The photodiode can be permanently operated at a temperature of 350\u00b0C.\r\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2019 – UV degradation anaylsis of SiC and AlGaN based UV photodiodes<\/div>
Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou, sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nSiC AlGaN Aging Report<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nSiC and AlGaN based UV photodiodes had been irradiated by Hg medium pressure lamps for 90 hours and a UV irradiation intensity of 60mW\/cm\u00b2. The SiC photodiodes showed no measurable degradation whereas the AlGaN photodiodes lost 80 % – 85 % of sensitivity.\r\n\r\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2018 – Quantification of harmful UV LED radiation at workplaces<\/div>
G. Hopfenm\u00fcller, N. Papathanasiou, T. Weiss,
\r\nsglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\r\nPresentation on International Conference on UV LED Technologies & Applications 2018, Berlin, Germany<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nArtificial UV radiation is applied in many processes such as UV disinfection, UV curing or biological activation. Besides discharge tubes, LEDs are becoming more important for a rising number of applications in particular UV curing or medical treatment. In general, exposure to UV radiation may cause health problems such as skin aging, eye damage or skin cancer. The potential danger varies with the irradiated wavelengths and the exposure time. The limits and the spectral weighting function of the UV irradiance are given in the directive 2006\/25\/EC published by the European Comission. The hereby submitted lecture will introduce a radiometer that precisely evaluates the hazard potential while displaying the maximum daily exposition time at a certain measurement point. The digital SiC based UV sensor has a spectral responsivity close to the biological weighting function and is calibrated to different UV LEDs with typical half widths. The sensor can be connected to any Android smartphone.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2018 – UV Index measurements with SiC-based radiometers<\/div>
Johanna Luise Krueger\u00b2, Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou\u00b9, Stefan Langer\u00b9, Gabriel Hopfenmueller\u00b9, Dr. Tilman Weiss\u00b9
\r\n\u00b9sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2University of Freiberg, Germany

\r\n\r\n50th Annual Conference of the Radiation Protection Association 2018, Dresden, Germany

\r\n

Abstract<\/em>
\r\nEnvironmental data are collected to improve health-related quality of life of citizens. The solar UV-Index provides a good indicator for reasonable sun protection measures and duration of sun light exposure for safety officers and individuals. In Germany the \u201cBundesamt f\u00fcr Strahlenschutz\u201d manages a solar UV-measurement network to monitor the UV-Index. At ten sites distributed all over Germany spectroradiometers are operated to measure the solar spectrum. The spectroradiometers are expensive and need highly qualified personnel to be operated. Robust and low-maintenance SiC-based UV-Index-radiometers are a viable option to increase the density of this measurement network at low cost. The spectral sensitivity function of such UV-Index-radiometers must reproduce the erythemal action function according to ISO 17166 with high precision.
\r\nIn this contribution we investigate the effect of production tolerances in the spectral response of SiC-based UV-Index-radiometer (SiC-UVI-radiometer) onto the precision of the measured UV-Index.
This is performed by folding a large number of different sun spectra with a variety of spectral responses of actual SiC-UVI-radiometer and the erythemal action curve as defined in the ISO 17166. We can show that the measurement uncertainty of SiC-based UVI-radiometers is \u00b15 % and therefore in the range of spectroradiometers. We simulated UVI measurements for SiC-based UVI-radiometers with over 2000 different sun spectra and determined a discrepancy-correction-function, which allows a precise UVI-measurement.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>2018 – A new instrument for the hazard assessment of UV radiation<\/div>
Stefan Langer\u00b9, Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou\u00b9, Johanna Luise Krueger\u00b2, Gabriel Hopfenmueller\u00b9, Dr. Tilman Weiss\u00b9 \u00b9sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2University of Freiberg, Germany 50th Annual Conference of the Radiation Protection Association 2018, Dresden, Germany Download article (noch nicht ver\u00f6ffentlicht) Download poster Abstract Industrial application of ultraviolet radiation requires not only the evaluation of the effectiveness for the […]<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2018 – UV measurements for medical applications using SiC photodiodes<\/div>
Dr. Niklas Papathanasiou, Gabriel Hopfenmueller, Dr. Tilman Weiss
\r\nsglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nPresentation on IoT-SNAP2018: IoT Enabling Sensing\/Network\/AI and Photonics Conference at\r\nOptics & Photonics Intenational Congress OPIC 2018, Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nIn this contribution we report about SiC based UV photodiodes as the core component of smart UV sensors for various medical applications. In dialysis machines the transparency of urea is monitored by a SiC UV photodiode based UV transmission measurement module. A photodiode combined with an optical filter which reproduces the erythermal action spectrum helps Lupus patients to monitor their daily dose of solar UV radiation. sglux UVC sensor \u201cUV-Safester\u201d is a smartphone based tool to detect harmful UV radiation at a workplace employing the ICNIRP regulation. A wireless UV sensor module monitors the UV disinfection applied by disinfection robots in operating rooms.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2017 – Degradation of opaque quartz-glass diffusers under high intensity UV irradiation<\/div>
N. Papathanasiou, G. Hopfenm\u00fcller, Michael Matalla, T. Weiss,
\r\nsglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nPresentation on IUVA World Congress Spotlights Water Disinfection Technologies 2017, Dubrovnik, Croatia<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nIn UV water purification applications UV sensors are monitoring the dosage of UV irradiation as according to O\u0308NORM and DVGW standards. sglux GmbH is manufacturing such sensors employing opaque synthetic quartz-glass diffusers as entrance windows. This paper investigates the influence of high-intensity UV irradiation on the transmission behavior of these diffusers. Quartz-glass and micro-porous quartz-glass were investigated. The sensors were continuously monitored while irradiated by a 1kW medium pressure Hg lamp with a total UV irradiance of 1000mW\/cm\u00b2 for 800 hours. Before and after the aging period the total transmissions of the diffusers were measured.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2017 – UV Index monitoring in Europe<\/div>
Alois W. Schmalwieser\u00b9, Julian Gr\u00f6bner\u00b2, Mario Blumthaler\u00b3, Barbara Klotz\u00b3, Hugo De Backer\u2074, David Bols\u00e9e\u2075, Rolf Werner\u2076, Davor Tomsic\u2077, Ladislav Metelka\u2078, Paul Eriksen\u2079, Nis Jepsen\u2079, Margit Aun\u00b9\u2070, Anu Heikkil\u00e4\u00b9\u00b9, Thierry Duprat\u00b9\u00b2, Henner Sandmann\u00b9\u00b3, Tilman Weiss\u00b9\u2074, Alkis Bais\u00b9\u2075, Zoltan Toth\u00b9\u2076, Anna-Maria Siani\u00b9\u2077, Luisa Vaccaro\u00b9\u2078, Henri Di\u00e9moz\u00b9\u2079, Daniele Grifoni\u00b2\u2070, Gaetano Zipoli\u00b2\u00b9, Giuseppe Lorenzetto\u00b2\u00b2, Boyan H. Petkov\u00b2\u00b3, Alcide Giorgio di Sarra\u00b2\u2074, Francis Massen\u00b2\u2075, Charles Yousif\u00b2\u2076, Alexandr A. Aculinin\u00b2\u2077, Peter den Outer\u00b2\u2078, Tove Svendby\u00b2\u2079, Arne Dahlback\u00b3\u2070, Bj\u00f8rn Johnsen\u00b3\u00b9, Julita Biszczuk-Jakubowska\u00b3\u00b2, Janusz Krzyscin\u00b3\u00b3, Diamantino Henriques\u00b3\u2074, Natalia Chubarova\u00b3\u2075, Predrag Kolar\u017e\u00b3\u2076, Zoran Mijatovic\u00b3\u2077, Drago Groselj\u00b3\u2078, Anna Pribullova\u00b3\u2079, Juan Ramon Moreta Gonzales\u2074\u2070, Julia Bilbao\u2074\u00b9, Jos\u00e9 Manuel Vilaplana Guerrero\u2074\u00b2, Antonio Serrano\u2074\u00b3, Sandra Andersson\u2074\u2074, Laurent Vuilleumier\u2074\u2075, Ann Webb\u2074\u2076, and John O’Hagan\u2074\u2077,

\r\n\r\n\u00b9University of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, Vienna, Austria, \u00b2PMOD\/WRC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland, \u00b3Medical Univ. Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, \u2074Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Observations, Brussels, Belgium, \u2075Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, \u2076Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, \u2077Metorological and hydrological institute of Croatia, Metorological and hydrological institute of Croati, Croatia, \u2078Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Solar and Ozone Department, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, \u2079Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, \u00b9\u2070Tartu Observatory, Tartumaa, Estonia, \u00b9\u00b9Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland, \u00b9\u00b2M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France, Toulouse Cedex, France, \u00b9\u00b3Bundesamt fur Strahlenschutz Neuherberg, Section for Optical Radiation, Neuherberg, Germany, \u00b9\u2074sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b9\u2075Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, \u00b9\u2076Hungarian Meteorological Service, Marczell Gy\u00f6rgy Main Observatory, Budapest, Hungary, \u00b9\u2077Sapienza Universita\u2019 di Roma, Physics Department, Rome, Italy, \u00b9\u2078ISPRA, Physical Agents Unit, Rome, Italy, \u00b9\u2079ARPA Valle d’Aosta loc, Saint-Christophe, Italy, \u00b2\u2070LaMMA Consortium, Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, \u00b2\u00b9CNR-IBIMET, Florence, Italy, \u00b2\u00b2ARPA di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy, \u00b2\u00b3National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy, \u00b2\u2074ENEA, Laboratory for Observations and Analyses of the Earth and Climate, Rome, Italy, \u00b2\u2075Lyc\u00e9e Classique de Diekirch, Computarium and meteoLCD, Diekirch, Luxembourg, \u00b2\u2076University of Malta, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Marsaxlokk, Malta, \u00b2\u2077Institute of Applied Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Kishinev, Moldova (the Republic of), \u00b2\u2078Dutch National Health Institute (RIVM), Netherlands, \u00b2\u2079NILU \u2013 Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway, \u00b3\u2070University of Oslo, Institute of Physics, Oslo, Norway, \u00b3\u00b9Statens Stralevern, Monitoring and Research, Oesteras, Norway, \u00b3\u00b2Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Gdynia, Poland, \u00b3\u00b3Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszw, Poland, \u00b3\u2074Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, Observat\u00f3rio Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada S. Miguel, Portugal, \u00b3\u2075Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, \u00b3\u2076University of Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia, \u00b3\u2077University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, \u00b3\u2078Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, Slovenia, \u00b3\u2079Slovakian Academy of Sciences, Tatranska Lomnica, Slovakia, \u2074\u2070Spanish Meteorological Agency, Area of Atmospheric Observation Networks, Madrid, Spain, \u2074\u00b9University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain, \u2074\u00b2National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Mazagon, Spain, \u2074\u00b3University of Extremadura, Department of Physics, Badajoz, Spain, \u2074\u2074SMHI, Nork\u00f6pping, Sweden, \u2074\u2075MeteoSwiss, Atmospheric data division, Payerne, Switzerland, \u2074\u2076University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, \u2074\u2077Public Health England Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Radiation Dosimetry, Didcot, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\r\n

\r\nJournal: Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry.<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nThe UV Index was established more than 20 years ago as a tool for sun protection and health care. Shortly after its introduction, UV Index monitoring started in several countries either by newly acquired instruments or by converting measurements from existing instruments into the UV Index. The number of stations and networks has increased over the years. Currently, 160 stations in 25 European countries deliver online values to the public via the Internet. In this paper an overview of these UV Index monitoring sites in Europe is given. The overview includes instruments as well as quality assurance and quality control procedures. Furthermore, some examples are given about how UV Index values are presented to the public. Through these efforts, 57% of the European population is supplied with high quality information, enabling them to adapt behaviour. Although health care, including skin cancer prevention, is cost-effective, a proportion of the European population still doesn’t have access to UV Index information.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2014 – Spectral irradiance measurement and actinic radiometer calibration for UV water disinfection<\/div>
P. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, J. Eggers\u00b2, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b3, \u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), Germany, \u00b2DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany, \u00b3sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany Metrologia, 51 (2014), S. 282-288. Abstract In a joint project, sglux and PTB investigated and developed methods and equipment to measure the spectral and weighted irradiance of high-efficiency […]<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2014 – Spectral Irradiance Measurement and Actinic Radiometer Calibration for UV Water Disinfection<\/div>
P. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, J. Eggers\u00b2, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b3,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), Germany, \u00b2DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany, \u00b3sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD 2014, edited by S. Park, P. Kaerhae and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland 2014) p. 128.<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nIn a joint project, sglux and PTB investigated and developed methods and equipment to measure the spectral and weighted irradiance of high-efficiency UV-C emitters used in water disinfection plants. A calibration facility was set up to calibrate the microbicidal irradiance responsivity of actinic radiometers with respect to the weighted spectral irradiance of specially selected Hg low-pressure and medium-pressure UV radiators. To verify the calibration and to perform on-site tests, spectral measurements have been carried out directly at water disinfection plants in operation. The weighted microbicidal irradiance of the plants was calculated and compared to the measurements of various actinic radiometers.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2013 – PTB traceable calibrated reference UV radiometer for measurements at high irradiance medium pressure mercury discharge lamps<\/div>
G. Hopfenmueller\u00b9, T.Weiss\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b2, P. Sperfeld\u00b2, S. Nowy\u00b2, S. Pape\u00b2, D. Friedrich\u00b2, S. Winter\u00b2, A. Towara\u00b2, A. Hoepe\u00b2, S. Teichert\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany

\r\n\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)<\/a><\/strong>
<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2013 – Traceable spectral irradiance measurements at UV water disinfection plants<\/div>
P. Sperfeld\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nPTB provides spectral irradiance calibrations traceable to national primary standards and the SI system. Transportable spectroradiometer systems have been adapted for high UV irradiance measurements. Successful measurements at medium pressure Hg and low pressure Hg lamp facilities have been carried out. The effective microbicidal irradiances agree within 15%. 40\u00b0 sensor geometry could be developed. Discussion about calibration service and support.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2013 – Developing and setting up a calibration facility for UV sensors at high irradiance rates<\/div>
B. Barton\u00b9, P. Sperfeld\u00b9, A. Towara\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nEMEA Regional Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany (2013)<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nPTB provides spectral irradiance calibrations traceable to national primary standards and the SI system. A transfer standard source for high UV irradiances has been constructed and characterized. A medium pressure Hg lamp and a low pressure Hg lamp provide different spectra at different irradiance levels. The system might serve as a calibration facility for DVGW & \u00d6NORM conform UV sensors. Calibration by direct substitution to reference sensors can be carried out.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2012 – Highly reliable Silicon Carbide photodiodes for visible-blind ultraviolet detector applications<\/div>
D. Prasai\u00b9, W. John\u00b9, L. Weixelbaum\u00b9, O. Krueger\u00b9, G. Wagner\u00b2, P. Sperfeld\u00b3, S. Nowy\u00b3, D. Friedrich\u00b3, S. Winter\u00b3 and T. Weiss\u2074,
\r\n\u00b9Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut fuer Hoechstfrequenztechnik, Berlin, Germany, \u00b2Leibniz-Institut fuer Kristallzuechtung, Berlin, Germany, \u00b3Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u2074sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nJ. Mater. Res., first view (2012).<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nHighly efficient polytype 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) p\u2013n diodes for ultraviolet (UV) light detection have been fabricated, characterized, and exposed to high-intensity mercury lamp irradiation (up to 17 mW\/cm\u00b2). The behavior of the photocurrent response under UV light irradiation using a low-pressure mercury UV-C lamp (4 mW\/cm\u00b2) and a medium-pressure mercury discharge lamp (17 mW\/cm\u00b2) has been studied. We report on long-term UV photoaging tests performed for up to 22 mo. Results demonstrate the robustness of SiC photodiodes against UV radiation. The devices under test showed an initial burn-in effect, i.e., the photocurrent response dropped by less than 5% within the first 40 h of artificial UV aging. Such burn-in effect under UV stress was also observed for previously available polytype 6H silicon carbide (6H\u2013SiC) p\u2013n photodetectors. After burn-in, no measurable degradation has been detected, which makes the devices excellent candidates for high irradiance UV detector applications.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2011 – Characterisation of SiC photodiodes for high irradiance UV radiometers<\/div>
S. Nowy\u00b9, B. Barton\u00b9, S. Pape\u00b9, P. Sperfeld\u00b9, D. Friedrich\u00b9, S. Winter\u00b9, G. Hopfenmueller\u00b2, and T. Weiss\u00b2,
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD2011, edited by S. Park and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2011) p. 203.<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nFor monitoring high UV irradiance, silicon carbide (SiC) based photodiodes are used. In this paper we describe the characterization of the novel SiC UV photodiodes in terms of their spectral and integral responsivity. Special attention is paid to the aging behavior of the photodiodes due to high UV irradiance. Artificial aging of the samples is performed by illumination with a high power medium pressure mercury discharge lamp.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2011 – Characterisation of new optical diffusers used in high irradiance UV radiometers<\/div>
Barton\u00b9, B., Sperfeld\u00b9, P., Nowy\u00b9, S., Towara\u00b9, A., Hoepe\u00b9, A., Teichert\u00b9, S., Hopfenmueller\u00b2, G., Baer\u00b3, M. and Kreuzberger\u00b3, T.
\r\n\u00b9Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB), 4.1 Photometry and Applied Radiometry, Braunschweig, Germany, \u00b2sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany, \u00b3SGIL Silicaglas GmbH, Langewiesen, Germany

\r\n\r\nProceedings of NEWRAD2011, edited by S. Park and E. Ikonen. (Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2011) p. 278.<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract<\/em>
\r\nDiffusers are essential components of UV radiometers used as transfer standards. They improve the insensitivity to differing radiation situations. In combination with a beam limiting aperture, a diffuser defines the irradiated area [1]. A detailed study of different properties of UV diffusers is shown.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2009 – Electronic and photoelectrical properties of semiconducting titanium dioxide layers<\/div>
C. Nitschke
\r\nBeuth Hochschule f\u00fcr Technik, Master Thesis, 2009
\r\n\r\nMaster thesis 2009<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>
\r\nIn the present thesis electronic and photoelectrical properties of semiconducting titanium dioxide layers were measured using different measuring methods. The titanium dioxide layers had been produced using the sol-gel-process with different precursor solutions. The findings and insights gained shall be used to manipulate the structure and functionality of UV-photodiodes with titanium-dioxide-layers. Traps had been proven both by the analysis of the spectral resolution of the photocurrent and thermally stimulated luminescence. These traps are affected by the titanium dioxide-layer manufacturing process. Using the impedance spectroscopy, the UV-photodiodes inner structure, the width of the space charge layer and the electrical conduction of the titanium dioxide-layer grains and grain boundaries could be measured. Between the impedance of the UV-photodiodes and the speed of reaction a correlation could be noticed. Additionally voltage dependent current and capacity measurements had been carried out as well as thermally stimulated currents had been measured.<\/div><\/div>
<\/span>2005 – Electrical transport in passivated Pt\/TiO2\/Ti Schottky diodes<\/div>
Th. Dittrich\u00b9, V. Zinchuk\u00b2, V. Skryshevsky\u00b2, I. Urban\u00b3, O. Hilt\u2074
\r\n\u00b9Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u00b2Department of Radiophysics, Taras Shevchenko University, Kyiv, Ukraine
\r\n\u00b3Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Materialforschung, Berlin, Germany
\r\n\u2074sglux GmbH, Berlin, Germany

\r\n\r\nJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 98, 104501 (2005)<\/a><\/strong>

\r\n\r\nAbstract <\/em>\r\nPt\/TiO2<\/sub>\/Ti Schottky diodes were investigated by current-voltage analysis, photoresponse, and transient photocurrent(PC) in a wide temperature range. The compact TiO2<\/sub> as well as the SiO2<\/sub> passivation layers were prepared by the sol-gel technique. The Schottky-barrier height (1.2\u20131.3eV) was equal to the difference of the work functions of Pt and Ti. The temperature dependence of the ideality factor was interpreted in terms of a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights [J. H. Werner and H. H. G\u00fcttler, J. Appl. Phys.69, 1522 (1991)]. Space-charge-limited currents under the presence of defects with an exponential distribution were observed. Under zero-potential condition, the PC transients were practically independent of temperature and the electron drift mobility amounted to 2\u00d7 10E-4 cm\u00b2 (Vs)\r\nA screening dipole layer at the Pt\/TiO2<\/sub> junction was formed under low forward and reverse potentials. Defects were generated under electron injection.<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un equipo de cient\u00edficos y t\u00e9cnicos en el campo del desarrollo semiconductores \u00f3pticos fundan en 2003 sglux GmbH. Este trabajo fue motivado y conducido por el deseo de cooperar estrechamente con los clientes e institutos de investigaci\u00f3n en el mercado de componentes de medici\u00f3n UV. A continuaci\u00f3n se detallan los proyectos de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":74,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"content-sidebar","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-2526","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInvestigaci\u00f3n | sglux<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un equipo de cient\u00edficos y t\u00e9cnicos en el campo del desarrollo semiconductores \u00f3pticos fundan en 2003 sglux GmbH. 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